A Full-Duplex Based Integrated Sensing and Communication Survey: Principles, Key Techniques, and Receiver Design

Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC), recognized as a cornerstone technology for sixth-generation (6G) cellular networks, achieves hardware complexity reduction and power efficiency through unified waveform and spectral resource multiplexing. By integrating Full-Duplex (FD) technology into ISAC systems, FD-ISAC surpasses conventional Time Division Duplex (TDD)-ISAC architectures by enhancing communication capacity, eliminating sensing blind area, and enabling seamless communication-sensing coordination. This survey systematically explores the technological framework of FD-ISAC. Specifically, fundamental theories for downlink ISAC are established initially, emphasizing communication-centric waveform designs and channel modeling techniques. Subsequently, a comprehensive FD-ISAC system model is developed, incorporating critical analyses of enabling technologies such as self-interference cancellation (SIC) mechanisms and radar sensing frameworks. State-of-the-art hardware implementations are then presented, featuring FD-SIC-optimized communication modules integrated with FD sensing subsystems. To address scalability constraints, miniaturization challenges are rigorously examined through the proposal of on-chip integration strategies specifically engineered for micro-platform deployments. Concluding the analysis, pressing technical bottlenecks are systematically identified, with future research trajectories formulated to advance FD-ISAC deployment.