Advances in sensing technologies for monitoring states of lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), known for their high energy density and excellent cycling performance, are widely utilized in electronic devices, electric vehicles and energy storage systems. However, the safety concerns associated with LIBs, such as overcharging, over-discharging, mechanical damage, and exposure to high temperatures, cannot be overlooked. These risks can potentially lead to the uncontrolled chemical reactions within the battery, generating excessive heat and even triggering thermal runaway and combustion. It is therefore essential to monitor certain parameters throughout the operation of LIBs. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in sensing technologies for LIBs, with a particular focus on stress/strain, temperature and gas monitoring. The discussion focuses on the performance characteristics as well as the strengths and limitations of these sensing technologies. Considering the current state of research and existing issues, the future of more integrated and intelligent monitoring technology of LIBs is further discussed and prospected in this work.